What is the Mpox Virus?
The Mpox virus, previously known as Monkeypox, is a viral disease that spreads from animals to humans and between people. It is caused by the Mpox virus, which belongs to the same family as the smallpox virus but is less severe. While Mpox is not as deadly as smallpox, it can still cause serious illness in some individuals.
The virus was first discovered in 1958 in monkeys, but the first human case was reported in 1970 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Since then, it has spread to many parts of the world, including India, the United States, the UK, and Europe.
With the increase in global travel, urbanization, and environmental changes, Mpox cases have been reported in non-endemic countries. This has raised concerns about how easily the virus spreads and the impact it can have on communities.
Signs and Symptoms of Mpox
The symptoms of Mpox usually appear within 5 to 21 days after exposure. The illness lasts for 2 to 4 weeks and goes through different stages. Here are the common symptoms:
Early Symptoms (First 1-5 days):
- Fever
- Headache
- Muscle aches
- Swollen lymph nodes
- Chills
- Fatigue
- Sore throat
Later Symptoms (After 3-5 days):
- Skin rashes that turn into fluid-filled blisters
- Sores that appear on the face, hands, feet, chest, or genitals
- Painful lesions that may break open and scab over
- Itching and discomfort as the blisters heal
Some people experience only mild symptoms, while others, especially those with weak immune systems, can develop severe complications like pneumonia, sepsis, or encephalitis (brain inflammation). Children, pregnant women, and immunocompromised individuals are at higher risk of severe illness.
How Does Mpox Spread?
Mpox spreads through close contact with an infected person, animal, or contaminated object. Here are some common ways it spreads:
Person-to-Person Transmission
- Skin contact with infected rashes or blisters
- Touching bodily fluids (saliva, mucus, or pus)
- Respiratory droplets (from coughing, sneezing, or prolonged face-to-face contact)
- Sexual contact (Mpox has been reported among sexually active individuals)
Animal-to-Human Transmission
- Bites or scratches from infected animals (rodents, monkeys, or other wild animals)
- Eating undercooked meat from an infected animal
- Handling animal products such as skin, fur, or blood
Surface Contamination
- Touching infected objects like clothing, bedding, or towels used by an infected person
- Using shared personal items like razors, toothbrushes, or utensils
Who is at Risk of Mpox?
Certain people are at a higher risk of getting infected, including:
- People who have close contact with an infected person
- Healthcare workers handling Mpox patients
- Individuals with weakened immune systems (HIV/AIDS patients, cancer patients, transplant recipients)
- People who engage in high-risk sexual activities
- Individuals traveling to Mpox-endemic areas
Mpox Virus Prevention: How to Stay Safe
1. Practice Good Hygiene
- Wash your hands regularly with soap and water for at least 20 seconds
- Use alcohol-based sanitizers when soap is unavailable
- Avoid touching your face, especially your eyes, nose, and mouth
2. Avoid Close Contact
- Do not touch rashes, blisters, or sores on an infected person
- Avoid kissing, hugging, or sexual contact with someone showing symptoms
- Do not share personal items like towels, clothes, or bedding
- If someone in your home is infected, keep their belongings separate
3. Use Protective Gear
- If you are a healthcare worker, wear gloves, masks, and protective clothing
- If caring for a sick family member, use disposable gloves and masks
- Disinfect surfaces and wash clothes and bedding in hot water
4. Get Vaccinated
A vaccine called JYNNEOS (also known as Imvamune or Imvanex) is available for high-risk individuals. The U.S. CDC recommends vaccination for people who have been exposed to Mpox or are at high risk. Learn more about vaccines from the CDC: https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/mpox/vaccines.html
5. Stay Informed
- Follow updates from trusted sources like the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Ministry of Health in your country
- Read guidelines from the Indian Ministry of Health: https://www.mohfw.gov.in
- Stay updated on new treatments, travel restrictions, and outbreak alerts
How is Mpox Diagnosed?
If you have symptoms, a doctor may suggest the following tests:
- PCR test (Polymerase Chain Reaction): This is the most reliable test, using samples from skin lesions or fluids.
- Blood tests to detect Mpox antibodies (less commonly used)
- Swab tests from the throat or affected areas
Mpox Treatment: Can It Be Cured?
There is no specific cure for Mpox, but the symptoms can be managed with proper care.
Common Treatment Methods:
- Pain relievers like ibuprofen or paracetamol for fever and aches
- Antiviral drugs (Tecovirimat or TPOXX) for severe cases
- Fluid intake to stay hydrated
- Skin care to prevent secondary infections
- Isolation to prevent spreading the virus
- Nutrient-rich diet to boost the immune system
Most people recover within 2-4 weeks without serious complications.
What to Do If You Get Infected?
If you suspect you have Mpox:
- Isolate yourself to prevent spreading the infection
- Wear a mask to reduce transmission
- Avoid touching rashes and wash your hands frequently
- Seek medical help immediately
- Follow your doctor’s advice and take prescribed medications
- Stay in a well-ventilated room and avoid sharing common areas
The Mpox virus is a growing health concern, but early detection, good hygiene, vaccination, and awareness can prevent its spread. If you experience any symptoms, consult a doctor immediately. Understanding how Mpox spreads and taking the right precautions can help control outbreaks and protect your community.
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